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Medvedev</b></i><br><br><br><br><br> <center><font color=red size=4><b>THE ROYAL SOVEREIGN<br> HOUSES OF GEORGIA</b></font><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides05.jpg" alt="Bagration-Gruzinsky"></center><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <b>I. The Origin of The Bagratids</b><br><br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides02.jpg" align="left" alt="Saint King-Prophet David (Georgian Icon)">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The House of Bagrat (the Bagratids, Bagrationi) is traditionally believed to descend from the biblical King David through Gouram the [converted] Jew, who in the 6th century married a daughter of the King Vakhtang I of Georgia, and was created a Prince of Tao; the Bagrat who gave the name to the dynasty was the son and heir of this Gouram. Gradually the Bagratides became the senior Georgian rulers, gained the Royal title and power, since 888 established themselves as Kings of [All South-East] Georgia, and in the 11th century created an unified Georgian state, a Caucasian superpower.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gouram (together with his brothers, also prominent in Georgian and Armenian history) probably came from a respectable family of Jewish exilarchs; it was not uncommon for the Jewish diaspora to select its leaders, in messianic expectations or out of mere nostalgia, from the posterity of King David, or ascribe to them such a descent. It worth mentioning that there were, and are, other theories regarding the provenance of the Bagratids; thus, Prince Toumanoff considered them as a branch of the Orontides, an ancient Persian lineage; and the modern  mainstream opinion among the historians is that Bagrat descended from a local aristocratic family in place modernly known as Ispir.  In any case, for the representation of the Kings of Georgia and their reputation among their subject, the Davidical theory always was fundamental.<br><br><br> <b>II. The Georgian Realms and Their Dynasties</b><br><br><br> <center><img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides17.jpg" alt="Flag of King Vakhtang VI of Kartli (1716-1724), depicting King David in the center"></center><br><br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides03.jpg" align="right" alt="Tsar Vakhtang Gorgasal, V century">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The external factors (Persian, Mongol, Timuride and Ottoman invasions and pressure) and the natural development of the lesser nations resulted, since the 15th centuries, in the gradual fragmentation of the unified Georgian state into several states, including the three Georgian Realms, all ruled by branches of Bagratids: of Kartalinia (or Georgia in the narrow sense), Imeretia (the maritime Georgia, the successor of the ancient Colchis) and Kakhetia (the Northeast Georgia); there were also several sovereign principalities headed by non-Bagratide monarchs. This situation persisted until the Russian annexation in the course of the 19th century.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The three royal branches maintained the family unity, each of them being considered as a cadet branch of the two others, which sometimes resulted not in brotherly relations but in claims and counter-claims. Kartalinia was the premier Georgian kingdom, but its Kings had no family jurisdiction over the two other branches, and there was no sole headship within the House of Bagrat.<br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides04.jpg" align="left" alt="Bagrat">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There were also several separately established cadet branches of the House; some of them maintained the dynastical standing; others were ranked among the non-dynastic nobility. The most prominent cadet branch is that of Moukhrani, which was founded in the late 15th century by a third son of the last King of the unified Georgia. The branch enjoyed considerable autonomy within its apanage but was not sovereign in its own right.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The  first class members of the royal houses  the kings children and other close direct descendants  were titled <i>Batonishvili</i>. This means  the Lord s Child ; the traditional Russian translation is <i>Tsarevich</i>. The Spanish title of Infante may be mentioned as a well-known and pretty adequate analogy.<img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides08.jpg" align="right" alt="King George III and his daughter, Queen Tamar"><br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It worth mentioning that the dynastical history of the Bagratids is full of difficult and misleading circumstances, such as interruptions in reigns, irregular appointments by the Persian Shahs, bastardic succession, occasional polygamy (many Georgian rulers were obliged by Persian and Turkish Emperors to embrace Moslem faith before getting the crown  and sometimes this was more than a formality), and equivocal genealogical versions. What is more, with the death of George III in 1184 the main male line went extinct and the throne was inherited by Saint T[h]amar who married George, son of Saint Andrew  of Bogolyubovo , the Grand Duke of Vladimir (the union was unsuccessful and Tamar divorced), and then Prince David Soslan of the Alans, who secured the continuation of the House, being however only allegedly a Bagratid. Even the seniority by primogeniture among the lines and branches of the house of Bagrat is disputed by scholars, but in any case this principle was not decisive for the Georgian laws and customs of succession.<br><br><br> <b>III. The Kingdom of Kartalinia</b><br><br><br> <center><img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides18.jpg" alt="The Bagratids"></center><br><br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides09.jpg" align="left" alt="Queen Tamar">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The senior line of the original branch of Kartalinia became extinct with the elderly and childless King Rostom I in 1658. His distant cousin and heir Luarsab was killed in accident; Luarsab s son was too young to succeed. Anticipating the dynastical crisis, Rostom preferred to arrange the dynastical adoption of the head of the Moukhrani branch, Vakhtang. On his accession as Vakhtang VI, this Prince ceded the Moukhrani apanage to his brother Constantine, who was not covered by the adoption and from whom the modern Moukhrani princes descend.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Other lines of the original Kartalinian branch (Luarsab s posterity and the Princes Gochishvili) were extinct in (if not before) the early 18th century.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Realm of Kartalinia was four times annexed to that of Kakhetia but for the first three times, the Kartalinian branch was restored to its throne. However with the emigration to Russia of Vakhtang VI (1724) and the death of his successor Jesse I (1727), Kartalinia was lost for this line and, after a dramatic interregnum, passed to the Kakhetian branch of the House. In 1744, the two realms were finally united.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The members of the deposed branch settled in Russia; the last of them died in the end of the 19th century. There was also a cadet line, famous in the Russian history (the General Bagration, a hero of the 1812 anti-Napoleonic war, was of this line), and extinct since 1927.<br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides07.jpg" align="right" alt="Bagration-Moukhranski">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Moukhrani branch stayed in Kartalinia and maintained allegiance to the new Kings.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Kings of the united Kartalinia and Kakhetia accepted the Russian patronage and superior suzerainty in 1783 (as an alternative for the Persian and Turkish control) and reigned until the death of George XII in 1800. Several days before his death this monarch, willful to secure his heir s fate, made several controversial decisions regarding the kingdom s relations with Russia. These decisions, made in secrecy from the King s subjects, were hastily reported to Paul I of Russia. The Emperor interpreted George s will  maybe not so injustly  as an invitation to assume the royal prerogatives, leaving the Bagratids in the honourable mediatised position. In 1801, shortly before his own death, Paul I approved the annexation of Georgia (i.e., Kartalinia and Kakhetia) and summoned some of the princes to St. Petersburg to accept their homage. This was a shock for the Bagratids but they were unable to oppose the union. However Paul I declined from assumption of the title of the King of Georgia. Maybe he expected, and waited for, a ceremony of the presentation of this dignity by the Bagratids themselves; but more likely this was done out of respect to the House of Kartalinia.<br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides14.jpg" align="left" alt="Prince Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinski">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It was Alexander I who turned this annexation brutal and forced the Kartalinian dynasts to leave Georgia forever. Two princes started a rising but it was unsuccessful. However the title of a King of Georgia was not used by the Russian monarchs until 1857, when Alexander II decided to honour the Georgian nation by restoring the royal title of its ruler.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Since 1833, the Kartalinian-Kakhetian dynasts were accorded in Russia the title of Princes of Georgia and the style of Serene Highness (it worth mentioning that the same title was accorded by the Russian diplomacy even to the ruling Bagratide Kings). The Serene Princes of Georgia maintained the Royal tradition of the family in a private way, and made several unsuccessful efforts to have their dynastical status recognised by the Russian authorities. This branch managed to survive in the Soviet Georgia and is headed today by <b>HSH</b> [<i>recte</i> HRH] <b>Prince Nugzar [I] of Georgia, de jure the King of Georgia (Kartalinia) and Kakhetia</b> (born in 1950 and residing in Tbilisi). The Prince is the chief director of a dramatic theatre. <br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides15.jpg" align="right" alt="Prince Irakly Bagration-Moukhranski">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Moukhrani branch was recognised in Russia as a princely lineage with the name  Bagration-Moukhranski (i.e. Bagratid of Moukhran) and the style  Illustrous which is common for the Russian princes. Its cadet status did not change with the extinction of the first Kartalinian branch, although it is <i>possible</i> that since then genealogically (rather than dynastically) the Moukhranis became the senior branch of the Bagratids.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After the revolution, some of the Moukhranis emigrated. The senior member of the family, George, raised a claim to the headship of the House of Georgia. This claim to the headship of the Royal House of Georgia was based on the [erroneous] presumption that the Royal line of Kartalinia-Kakhetia, which failed to emigrate, could not survive under the Soviet tyranny. George s son, Hercules (Irakli), maintained the claim and founded a family order  allegedly that was a restoration of an ancient pre-chivalric institution. Hercules son, George, died in 2008 and was succeeded in his claim by his <i>second</i> son, David.<br><br><br> <center><img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides19.jpg" alt="Prince Giorgi Bagration-Moukhranski"></center><br><br><br> <b>IV. The Kingdom of Imeretia</b><br><br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Imeretian branch of the House of Bagrat is notable for the messy succession. Several times the crown was inherited by bastards or passed through female lines to members of other lineages  the Kartalinian and even the non-Bagratid Gurian princes; on one occasion the throne was occupied even by a stranger in blood, queen s consort, although he may be regarded as an anti-King.<img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides06.jpg" align="right" alt="Bagration-Imertinsky (a hypothetical reconstruction)"><br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1810 King Solomon II (who previously signed a treaty with Russia) was deposed on the orders of Alexander I and the Kingdom was annexed. The King managed to escape to Turkey but despite of all his efforts did not succeed in restoring his realm s sovereignty. Other dynasts were obliged to leave Imeretia and settle in Russia, where three principal lines were recognised as Princes with the style of Serene Highness.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The headship of the Royal House of Imeretia could pass after the death of HSH [<i>recte</i> HRH] Prince Michael of Imeretia, a Squadron Leader of the British Royal Air Forces and de jure the King of Imeretia (1975) either to his daughter HSH Princess Tamara and her non-Bagratid English posterity, or to the next male Imeretian Bagratids who all belong now to an untitled, bastardic branch. It is not clear if HSH Michael or his daughters approved any successoral provisions. The headship may be dormant but it is certainly not extinct.<br><br><br> <b>V. The Sovereign Status</b><br><br><br> <center><img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides20.jpg" alt="Bagration-Moukhranski Family with The Patriarch-Catholicos Ilia II after the burrial of Prince Giorgi"></center><br><br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides10.jpg" align="right" alt="King Bagrat III, first King of United Georgia">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After the annexation of the two realms, none of the Bagratides was considered by the Russian authorities as  sovereign or  equal to the ruling houses. The reasons for such a mistreatment were mostly political.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The majority of the Bagratids continued to consider themselves as dynasts but were unable to have it formally recognised or at least demonstrated. The family hereditary names and styles were controlled by the Imperial authorities, the traditional continuation of the title  Batonishvili being abolished in 1812 for the Imeretian House and in 1833 (after yet another unsuccessful princely uprising) for the Kartalinian one. There was no dynastical order to be awarded.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1911 a Princess of Blood Imperial of Russia, Tatiana, contracted marriage with a member of the Moukhrani branch, Prince Constantine; Emperor Nicholas II allowed the union; but the problem was that the unequal marriages were prohibited for the Russian dynasts by Alexander III. To make the Prince eligible for such a union Nicholas II preferred, instead of a recognition of the Bagratids equality, to issue a special act permitting unequal marriages for the Princes and Princesses of Blood.<br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides11.jpg" align="left" alt="King David IV of Georgia">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This was, in fact, an inner matter of the Russian Imperial law. From the international point of view, the Bagratids were and are to be regarded as sovereign as the House of Russia.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The matter had to be clarified in 1946, when Prince Hercules Bagration of Moukhrani married an Infanta of Spain, Mary Mercedes of Bavaria. His equal status was confirmed by HSH Prince of Blood Imperial Vladimir, more known as HIH Grand Duke and widely believed to be a head of the House of Russia. In his alleged capacity of the dynastic head, the Prince issued an act of recognition  of the regal dignity of the senior branch of the Family of Bagrationi, as well as the right of its members to be called Princes of Georgia and Royal Highnesses ,  to satisfy the just national sentiments of the Georgian nation . This was basically a clever and plausible move, but the recognition, quite unnaturally, covered the Moukhrani branch only, attributing to it the higher position vis-à-vis the two really royal branches.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In any case, the statement appeared to be effective and the Moukhrani branch gained a wide international recognition as belonging to the dynastical level and as being a separate fons honorum of royal rank, the former being fully correct and the latter being obviously wrong  at least so far.<br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides12.jpg" align="right" alt="King Irakly II of Georgia">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It is psychologically obvious that in the opinion of many Georgians, the Moukhrani claimant from Spain is preferable to Prince Nugzar: the latter lives all his life in Georgia and is  too local and  too usual to be idealised. In 1991 the Moukhrani branch was recognised as royal by the Georgian government; insignia of its order are allowed to be officially worn in Georgia; the recent monarchist declaration of His Holiness and Beatitude Elias II, the Patriarch of Georgia, was implicitly pointing at the Moukhranis; and it may happen that this branch will finally gain a royal crown of its own.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In fact, the style of Royal Highness has to be, and the title of a Prince of [respective realm] probably may be, accorded to any member of the two Royal houses, the Moukhranis being included as, legally, cadets of the Kartalinian dynasty. It would be only natural to restore the Batonishvili title as well, maybe translating it merely as "Infante of Georgia"; it is up to the chiefs of the two Royal houses to [re]establish correspondent norms.<br><br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All this, naturally, has its heraldic consequences which I hope to discuss in another text.<br><br><br><br> <center><img src="Grafika/Foto/patr-bagr.jpg" alt="Patriarch-Catholicos Ilia II of All Georgia and Prince David Bagration-Moukhranski"></center><br><br><br><br> * * *<br><br><br> EDITORIAL COMMENT<br><br><br> <img src="Grafika/Foto/bagratides13.jpg" align="right" alt="Bagration blazon by Prince Vakushti c. 1740s">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We are publishing this paper about Georgia and its complicated links with Russia in the bitter days of the fratricidal war. Within this context, we stress that this publication is purely academic and has no political goals. Author s aim was to answer several typical questions, frequently asked by colleagues and by general public, regarding the Bagratids, all the matters discussed having their specifically Russian dimension. This publication is also planned to prepare future discussion of the Bagratids heraldry, which cannot be understood without historical and legal explanations.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In any case, we hope that this paper will be able to remind once again of the profound and complicated links between the two countries. Their relations were uneven, they were full of love, vice, trust and injustice  and no simplification is appropriate here; but they were always close, marked by the feeling of the nations kinship, and by hope. 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